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Science is a beautiful gift to humanity, we should not distort it - Abdul Kalam
Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei pioneered the experimental scientific method and was the first to use a refracting telescope to make important astronomical discoveries. He is often referred to as the “father of modern astronomy” and the “father of modern physics”. Albert Einstein called Galileo the “father of modern science.”
Galileo's discoveries about the Moon, Jupiter's moons, Venus, and sunspots supported the idea that the Sun - not the Earth - was the center of the Universe, as was commonly believed at the time
Scientists often justify their work using these and similar arguments—currently linked to personal health and longer life expectancies, technological advancement, economic profits, and/or sustainability—in order to secure funding and gain social acceptance. They point out that most of the tools, technologies and medicines we use today are products or by-products of research, from pens to rockets and from aspirin to organ transplantation. This progressive application of scientific knowledge is captured in Isaac Asimov’s book, Chronology of science and discovery, which beautifully describes how science has shaped the world, from the discovery of fire until the 20th century.
Science is valued by society because the application of scientific knowledge helps to satisfy many basic human needs and improve living standards. Finding a cure for cancer and a clean form of energy are just two topical examples. Similarly, science is often justified to the public as driving economic growth, which is seen as a return-on-investment for public funding. During the past few decades, however, another goal of science has emerged: to find a way to rationally use natural resources to guarantee their continuity and the continuity of humanity itself; an endeavour that is currently referred to as “sustainability”.
“The deliberate and consistent addition of new scientific knowledge to enhance education might seem an obvious application of science, but it is often ignored.”
New Scientific Discoveries From 2021
How inspiring are tardigrades? Let us count the ways.
First, they look like tiny, eight-legged, chunky bears—hence their nickname, water bears. These near-microscopic, aquatic extremophiles can survive in the most inhospitable places on Earth, including frigid absolute zero temperatures, boiling hot hydrothermal vents, a vacuum of space, and pressure six times more crushing than the deep ocean, per National Geographic. While other soft-bodied creatures thrash, slither and wriggle like worms, tardigrades are the only soft-bodied animal that can walk. In a study published in the journal PNAS in August, researchers watched hours of footage of water bears walking on different surfaces from glass to gels. The team found that tardigrades walk like insects 500,000 times their size. Though they move only half of their already-miniscule body length (0.5 millimeters) per second on average, they can move two body lengths in the same amount of time at top speed. Slow as they may be, they also seem to adjust their steps according to the terrain they’re navigating.
For the first time ever, MIT researchers peered into a chrysalis while the colorful scales on a butterfly wing formed—and captured continuous images of the process, according to a study published this month in the journal PNAS. Studying this process could one day inspire new multi-functional materials in vibrant colors that also provide temperature control and water resistance, says study author Mathias Kolle, a mechanical engineer at MIT. “We believe that being able to see and understand the processes and control levers at the core of the butterflies’ ability to tailor material structure and performance will help us to sustainably translate them into strategies for forming the next generation of advanced functional materials,” he tells Smithsonian via email. “We think this work could lead to new inventions because butterfly scales are a great biological example of a material solution with multiple coveted functions, all enabled by the same structure,” Kolle says. “These functions include control over optical appearance and color, thermoregulation, wetting characteristics, and flight dynamics.”
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